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The overlapping molecular pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) was analyzed using relationships from a knowledge graph of 33+ million biomedical journal articles. The unsupervised learning rank aggregation algorithm from SemNet 2.0 compared the most important amino acid, peptide, and protein (AAPP) nodes connected to AD, ALS, or FTD. FTD shared 99.9% of its nodes with ALS and AD; AD shared 64.2% of its nodes with FTD and ALS; and ALS shared 68.3% of its nodes with AD and FTD. The results were validated and mapped to functional biological processes using supervised human supervision and an external large language model. The overall percentages of mapped intersecting biological processes were as follows: inflammation and immune response, 19%; synapse and neurotransmission, 19%; cell cycle, 15%; protein aggregation, 12%; membrane regulation, 11%; stress response and regulation, 9%; and gene regulation, 4%. Once normalized for node count, biological mappings for cell cycle regulation and stress response were more prominent in the intersection of AD and FTD. Protein aggregation, gene regulation, and energetics were more prominent in the intersection of ALS and FTD. Synapse and neurotransmission, membrane regulation, and inflammation and immune response were greater at the intersection of AD and ALS. Given the extensive molecular pathophysiology overlap, small differences in regulation, genetic, or environmental factors likely shape the underlying expressed disease phenotype. The results help prioritize testable hypotheses for future clinical or experimental research. 

Abstract Crystal‐hosted melt embayments and melt inclusions partially record magmatic processes at depth, but it is not always obvious how to interpret this record. One impediment is our incomplete understanding of how embayments and melt inclusions form. In this study, we investigate the formation mechanism of embayments and melt inclusions during quartz growth to quantify the relationship between the compositions of the entrapped and average melt. We study the growth of embayments and inclusions through direct numerical simulations that couple the growth of a crystal surface with the evolution of the concentrations of incompatible components in the surrounding melt. We find that H₂O is more enriched in the interior of defects on crystal surface compared to the exterior. The resultant lower disequilibrium in the defect interior causes lower growth rate than in the exterior, elongating the defect into an embayment. If crystal growth stops, the composition in the embayment equilibrates with the average melt within days to months. If crystal growth continues until the embayment neck closes, a melt inclusion forms. The melt entrapped by both embayments and melt inclusions is enriched in incompatible components, such as H₂O and CO₂. In addition to inclusion size, the enrichment of incompatible components in melt inclusions also depends on component diffusivity and the crystal growth regime. High‐diffusivity components like H₂O have similar enrichment levels in all scenarios, while lower‐diffusivity components like CO₂are more enriched in melt inclusions with smaller sizes or formed in continuous crystal growth. 

Abstract Persistent volcanic activity is thought to be linked to degassing, but volatile transport at depth cannot be observed directly. Instead, we rely on indirect constraints, such as CO₂‐H₂O concentrations in melt inclusions trapped at different depth, but this data is rarely straight‐forward to interpret. In this study, we integrate a multiscale conduit‐flow model for non‐eruptive conditions and a volatile‐concentration model to compute synthetic profiles of volatile concentrations for different flow conditions and CO₂fluxing. We find that actively segregating bubbles in the flow enhance the mixing of volatile‐poor and volatile‐rich magma in vertical conduit segments, even if the radius of these bubbles is several orders of magnitude smaller than the width of the conduit. This finding suggests that magma mixing is common in volcanic systems when magma viscosities are low enough to allow for bubble segregation as born out by our comparison with melt‐inclusion data: Our simulations show that even a small degree of mixing leads to volatile concentration profiles that are much more comparable to observations than either open‐ or closed‐system degassing trends for both Stromboli and Mount Erebus. Our results also show that two of the main processes affecting observed volatile concentrations, magma mixing and CO₂fluxing, leave distinct observational signatures, suggesting that tracking them jointly could help better constrain changes in conduit flow. We argue that disaggregating melt‐inclusion data based on the eruptive behavior at the time could advance our understanding of how conduit flow changes with eruptive regimes.